Abordaje de la asfixia perinatal en neonatos porcinos: una revisión
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29059/cvpa.v3i2.41Palabras clave:
asfixia, neonato, tratamiento, vitalidadResumen
La asfixia perinatal constituye una de las principales causas de mortalidad y morbilidad en lechones, afectando su vitalidad, crecimiento y supervivencia durante las primeras horas de vida. Este trastorno se origina por la alteración del intercambio gaseoso entre la madre y el feto durante el parto, lo que provoca hipoxemia, hipercapnia y acidosis metabólica, con consecuencias tisulares y funcionales significativas. En especies polítocas como el cerdo, los lechones nacidos en las últimas etapas del parto son los más propensos a sufrir hipoxia debido al incremento en la duración del parto, la compresión del cordón umbilical y la disminución progresiva del flujo sanguíneo uterino. La hipoxia desencadena una compleja cascada de eventos fisiopatológicos que afectan principalmente al sistema nervioso central, pudiendo ocasionar una encefalopatía hipóxico-isquémica (EHI). Esta se caracteriza por la depleción energética, la acumulación intracelular de calcio, el estrés oxidativo y la apoptosis neuronal. Los lechones afectados presentan baja vitalidad, hipoglucemia, hipotermia y un retraso en la succión, lo que reduce la ingesta de calostro y aumenta la vulnerabilidad a infecciones y la mortalidad pre-destete.
La evaluación de la vitalidad mediante parámetros fisiológicos y de comportamiento constituye una herramienta útil para identificar el grado de asfixia neonatal. Entre las estrategias terapéuticas más prometedoras para prevenir y revertir las alteraciones fisiometabólicas y el daño cerebral derivado de la asfixia perinatal se encuentran la oxigenoterapia, el uso de estimulantes respiratorios y la administración de compuestos con acción antioxidante y metabólica. Sin embargo, resulta indispensable continuar con estudios preclínicos que profundicen en los mecanismos de acción de estas terapias y garanticen una mejor calidad de vida para los recién nacidos afectados.
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